Supreme Court Cases<\/title>\n <style>\n \/* General styles for the case card *\/\n .case-card {\n background: #F4F5F7;\n border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;\n padding: 20px;\n margin: 20px auto; \/* Center align *\/\n border-radius: 8px;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n box-sizing: border-box;\n max-width: 90%;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for the title *\/\n .case-card h3.entry-title {\n color: #005581;\n font-size: 1.3em;\n margin: 5px 0;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for the description and other text *\/\n .case-card p,\n .case-card ul,\n .case-card li,\n .case-card strong {\n color: #005581;\n font-size: 1em;\n margin: 5px 0;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for lists *\/\n .case-card ul {\n margin: 3px 0;\n padding-left: 15px;\n list-style-type: disc;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for list items *\/\n .case-card li {\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for links *\/\n .case-card a {\n color: #0073aa;\n }\n\n \/* Accordion styles *\/\n .accordion-container {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 20px;\n max-width: 900px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n margin-bottom: 50px;\n }\n\n .accordion-item {\n border-radius: 15px;\n overflow: hidden;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n }\n\n .accordion-button, .accordion-link {\n width: 100%;\n height: 60px;\n background-color: #F4F5F7;\n color: #005581;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-between;\n padding: 0 20px;\n border: 2px solid #005581;\n border-radius: 15px;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n font-size: 18px;\n text-decoration: none;\n cursor: pointer;\n outline: none;\n transition: border-color 0.3s ease, background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .accordion-button:hover, .accordion-link:hover,\n .accordion-button:focus, .accordion-link:focus {\n border-color: #005581;\n background-color: #005581;\n color: #F4F5F7;\n }\n\n .accordion-button.active {\n border-color: #005581;\n background-color: #005581;\n color: #F4F5F7;\n }\n\n .accordion-content hr {\n border: none;\n border-top: 2px dotted #005581;\n margin: 5px 0;\n }\n\n .accordion-content {\n display: none;\n background-color: #F4F5F7;\n padding: 10px 15px;\n border-radius: 15px;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n width: 100%;\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n\n .accordion-content a {\n display: block;\n padding: 5px 0;\n color: #005581;\n text-decoration: none;\n }\n\n .accordion-content a:hover {\n text-decoration: underline;\n }\n\n .arrow {\n font-size: 18px;\n transition: transform 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .accordion-button.active .arrow {\n transform: rotate(180deg);\n }\n\n .icon {\n margin-right: 10px;\n font-size: 24px;\n }\n\n @media (min-width: 1000px) {\n .accordion-container {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 800px) and (min-width: 600px) {\n .accordion-container {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n .accordion-container {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n }\n .accordion-button, .accordion-link {\n font-size: 14px;\n padding: 10px;\n }\n .accordion-content {\n padding: 8px 10px;\n }\n }\n\n \/* Styles for pager *\/\n .facetwp-pager {\n text-align: center;\n margin: 20px 0;\n display: none; 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}\n 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }\n }\n\n \/* Styles for total resources count *\/\n .total-resources {\n text-align: center;\n margin: 20px 0;\n font-size: 16px;\n color: #005581;\n display: none; \/* Initially hidden *\/\n }\n\n .no-filters-message {\n text-align: center;\n margin: 10px 0;\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #005581;\n }\n <\/style>\n\n \n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/font-awesome\/5.15.4\/css\/all.min.css\">\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n <div class=\"accordion-container\">\n <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n <button class=\"accordion-button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n <span>Case Category<\/span>\n <span class=\"arrow\">▼<\/span>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"accordion-content\" id=\"case_category\">\n <div class=\"facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-case_category facetwp-type-radio\" data-name=\"case_category\" data-type=\"radio\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n <button class=\"accordion-button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n <span>Year<\/span>\n <span class=\"arrow\">▼<\/span>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"accordion-content\" id=\"year\">\n <div class=\"facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-year facetwp-type-radio\" data-name=\"year\" data-type=\"radio\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"reset-button\" onclick=\"resetFilters()\">Show all cases<\/button>\n\n <div class=\"loading-spinner\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"total-resources\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"resource-cards-container\">\n <div class=\"facetwp-template\" data-name=\"court_cases\"> <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">Fry v. Napolean Community Schools<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Issue: Does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act’s requirement that plaintiffs exhaust administrative remedies before suing under the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act apply to plaintiffs seeking damages, which are not available under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act?<\/div>\n<p>The Court clarifies the definition of “disabled” under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and allows students to bring lawsuits directly under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) without requesting an administrative hearing under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) when their claim is not related to the adequacy of their education<\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2017<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Service Animals, Title II and IDEA<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">BRAGDON v. ABBOTT (97-156) 107 F.3d 934<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"question\">Questions before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether asymptomatic <acronym>HIV<\/acronym> is a disability under the <acronym>ADA<\/acronym>.<\/li>\n<li>When deciding whether a private health care provider must perform invasive procedures on an infectious patient in his office, should courts defer to the provider’s professional judgment, as long as it is reasonable in light of then current medical knowledge?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 1998<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Definition of Disability<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">SPECTOR v. NORWEGIAN CRUISE LINE LTD.<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act applies to foreign flag cruise ships while sailing in <acronym>U.S.<\/acronym> waters or while at <acronym>U.S.<\/acronym> ports.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans%20with%20disabilities%20act&url=\/supct\/html\/03-1388.ZO.html\">http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans with disabilities act&url=\/supct\/html\/03-1388.ZO.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2005<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Title III and Foreign Ships<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">TENNESSEE v. LANE<\/h3>\n\n <p><div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"contentData\">\n<ol>\n<li>Whether Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a proper exercise of Congress’ power under Section 5 of the 14<sup>th<\/sup> Amendment and thus validly abrogates state sovereign immunity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans%20with%20disabilities%20act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-1667.ZO.html\">http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans with disabilities act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-1667.ZO.html<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2004<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Title II and Courthouse Access<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">RAYTHEON CO. v. HERNANDEZ<\/h3>\n\n <p><ol>\n<li>Whether the Americans with Disabilities Act confers preferential rehire rights on employees lawfully terminated for misconduct, such as illegal drug use.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans%20with%20disabilities%20act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-749.ZO.html\">http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans with disabilities act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-749.ZO.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2003<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Employer Rehire Policy<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">CLACKAMAS GASTROENTEROLOGY ASSOCIATES, P.C. v. WELLS (01-1435) 271 F.3d 903<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether the four physician-shareholders who own the professional corporation and constitute its board of directors are counted as employees for purposes of determining whether or not the corporation was covered under the Employment Provisions of the <acronym>ADA<\/acronym> by having 15 or more employees.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2003<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Definition of Employee<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">US AIRWAYS, INC. v. BARNETT (00-1250) 228 F.3d 1105<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Questions before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>How the <acronym>ADA<\/acronym> resolves a potential conflict between the interests of a disabled worker who seeks assignment to a particular position as a “reasonable accommodation” and the interests of other workers with superior rights to bid for the job under an employer’s seniority system.<\/li>\n<li>Does the accommodation demand trump the seniority system?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Reasonable Accommodation<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">BARNES v. GORMAN (01-682) 257 F.3d 738<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether punitive damages may be awarded in a private cause of action brought under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (<acronym>ADA<\/acronym>) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Punitive and Compensatory Damages<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">CHEVRON U.S.A. INC. v. ECHAZABAL (00-1406) 226 F.3d 1063<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 permits a regulation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which authorizes refusal to hire an individual because his performance on the job would endanger his own health, owing to a disability (direct threat to self).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Direct Threat<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">TOYOTA MOTOR MFG., KY, INC. v. WILLIAMS (00-1089) 224 F.3d 840<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>What is the proper standard for determining whether an individual is substantially limited in performing manual tasks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Definition of Disability<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\n \/\/ Initial setup\n initializeEventListeners();\n });\n\n function initializeEventListeners() {\n \/\/ Hide the resource cards initially\n document.querySelector('.resource-cards-container').style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'none';\n \n document.querySelectorAll('.accordion-button').forEach(button => {\n button.addEventListener('click', () => {\n const activeButton = document.querySelector('.accordion-button.active');\n if (activeButton && activeButton !== button) {\n activeButton.classList.remove('active');\n activeButton.nextElementSibling.style.display = 'none';\n }\n \n button.classList.toggle('active');\n const accordionContent = button.nextElementSibling;\n if (accordionContent && accordionContent.style.display === 'block') {\n accordionContent.style.display = 'none';\n } else if (accordionContent) {\n accordionContent.style.display = 'block';\n }\n });\n });\n \n \/\/ Add loading spinner for filter actions\n document.addEventListener('facetwp-loaded', function() {\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelector('.resource-cards-container').style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-pager').forEach(el => el.style.display = 'block');\n document.querySelector('.total-resources').style.display = 'block';\n \n \/\/ Update total resources count\n const totalResources = FWP.settings.pager.total_rows;\n document.querySelector('.total-resources').innerText = `Total cases shown: ${totalResources}`;\n \n \/\/ Reinitialize event listeners after dynamic content is loaded\n reinitializeDynamicListeners();\n });\n \n document.addEventListener('facetwp-refresh', function() {\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelector('.resource-cards-container').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-pager').forEach(el => el.style.display = 'none');\n document.querySelector('.total-resources').style.display = 'none';\n });\n }\n \n function reinitializeDynamicListeners() {\n \/\/ Add event listeners to dynamically added filter and pagination elements\n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-facet').forEach(facet => {\n facet.addEventListener('change', () => {\n \/\/ Logic to handle filter change\n FWP.refresh();\n });\n });\n \n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-pager a').forEach(pager => {\n pager.addEventListener('click', (e) => {\n e.preventDefault();\n \/\/ Logic to handle pagination\n const page = pager.getAttribute('data-page');\n FWP.paged = parseInt(page);\n FWP.refresh();\n });\n });\n }\n \n function resetFilters() {\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'block';\n FWP.reset();\n }\n <\/script>\n \n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-neve-link-hover-color-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-neve-link-hover-color-background-color has-background is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"makeiteasy-back-to-top\" data-smooth-scroll=\"false\" data-enable-on-desktop=\"true\" data-break-point-mobile-desktop=\"768\" data-go-to-bottom=\"false\" style=\"--makeiteasy-back-to-top-opacity:0.7;--makeiteasy-back-to-top-visibility-transition-duration:0.3s;--makeiteasy-back-to-top-right:30px;--makeiteasy-back-to-top-bottom:30px\" class=\"wp-block-makeiteasy-back-to-top\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" style=\"border-radius:9px;padding-top:12px;padding-right:12px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgdmlld0JveD0iMCA5NiA0ODAgMjgzIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjxwYXRoIGQ9Im00MyAzNzktNDMtNDMgMjQwLTI0MCAyNDAgMjQwLTQzIDQzLTE5Ny0xOTd6IiBmaWxsPSIjZmZmIi8+PC9zdmc+Cg==\" alt=\"Back to top arrow\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><style type=\"text\/css\">\n#foogallery-gallery-286.fg-masonry .fg-item { width: 300px; 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}\n#foogallery-gallery-290.fg-masonry { --fg-gutter: 10px; }<\/style>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"foogallery foogallery-container foogallery-masonry foogallery-lightbox-none fg-center fg-masonry fg-ready fg-transparent fg-border-thin fg-shadow-small fg-loading-default fg-loaded-fade-in fg-captions-bottom fg-hover-fade fg-hover-external fg-fixed\" id=\"foogallery-gallery-290\" data-foogallery=\"{"item":{"showCaptionTitle":true,"showCaptionDescription":true},"lazy":true,"template":{"columnWidth":250,"gutter":10}}\" style=\"--fg-title-line-clamp: 0; --fg-description-line-clamp: 0;\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"fg-item fg-type-iframe fg-idle\"><figure class=\"fg-item-inner\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adata.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-attachment-id=\"446\" data-type=\"iframe\" class=\"fg-thumb\"><span class=\"fg-image-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Link for website: ADA National Network\" width=\"250\" height=\"85\" class=\"skip-lazy fg-image\" data-src-fg=\"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/cache\/2021\/01\/dbtac\/4269570075.png\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%22250%22%20height%3D%2285%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20250%2085%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" loading=\"eager\"><\/span><span class=\"fg-image-overlay\"><\/span><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"fg-loader\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court Cases Supreme Court Cases Place holder – The Great Lakes ADA Center hosts a list of resources for additional information. The list is not all-inclusive. Some resources may have been inadvertedly omitted. Inclusion on this list should not be construed as an endorsement of any kind. If you have a resource to include on this… <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/new-ada_resources-dev\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More »<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">New Supreme Court Cases Dev<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"off","neve_meta_disable_footer":"on","neve_meta_disable_title":"on","_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14119","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14119"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14669,"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14119\/revisions\/14669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ada-dcc.org\/dev\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

Supreme Court Cases Place holder –<\/strong> The Great Lakes ADA Center hosts a list of resources for additional information. The list is not all-inclusive. Some resources may have been inadvertedly omitted. Inclusion on this list should not be construed as an endorsement of any kind. If you have a resource to include on this list, please contact us. We will make every attempt to include it, if the resource meets the guidelines of the Great Lakes ADA Center. Use the dropdown menus below to filter ADA resources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n Supreme Court Cases<\/title>\n <style>\n \/* General styles for the case card *\/\n .case-card {\n background: #F4F5F7;\n border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;\n padding: 20px;\n margin: 20px auto; \/* Center align *\/\n border-radius: 8px;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n box-sizing: border-box;\n max-width: 90%;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for the title *\/\n .case-card h3.entry-title {\n color: #005581;\n font-size: 1.3em;\n margin: 5px 0;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for the description and other text *\/\n .case-card p,\n .case-card ul,\n .case-card li,\n .case-card strong {\n color: #005581;\n font-size: 1em;\n margin: 5px 0;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for lists *\/\n .case-card ul {\n margin: 3px 0;\n padding-left: 15px;\n list-style-type: disc;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for list items *\/\n .case-card li {\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n }\n\n \/* Styles for links *\/\n .case-card a {\n color: #0073aa;\n }\n\n \/* Accordion styles *\/\n .accordion-container {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 20px;\n max-width: 900px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n margin-bottom: 50px;\n }\n\n .accordion-item {\n border-radius: 15px;\n overflow: hidden;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n }\n\n .accordion-button, .accordion-link {\n width: 100%;\n height: 60px;\n background-color: #F4F5F7;\n color: #005581;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-between;\n padding: 0 20px;\n border: 2px solid #005581;\n border-radius: 15px;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n font-size: 18px;\n text-decoration: none;\n cursor: pointer;\n outline: none;\n transition: border-color 0.3s ease, background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .accordion-button:hover, .accordion-link:hover,\n .accordion-button:focus, .accordion-link:focus {\n border-color: #005581;\n background-color: #005581;\n color: #F4F5F7;\n }\n\n .accordion-button.active {\n border-color: #005581;\n background-color: #005581;\n color: #F4F5F7;\n }\n\n .accordion-content hr {\n border: none;\n border-top: 2px dotted #005581;\n margin: 5px 0;\n }\n\n .accordion-content {\n display: none;\n background-color: #F4F5F7;\n padding: 10px 15px;\n border-radius: 15px;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n width: 100%;\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n\n .accordion-content a {\n display: block;\n padding: 5px 0;\n color: #005581;\n text-decoration: none;\n }\n\n .accordion-content a:hover {\n text-decoration: underline;\n }\n\n .arrow {\n font-size: 18px;\n transition: transform 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .accordion-button.active .arrow {\n transform: rotate(180deg);\n }\n\n .icon {\n margin-right: 10px;\n font-size: 24px;\n }\n\n @media (min-width: 1000px) {\n .accordion-container {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 800px) and (min-width: 600px) {\n .accordion-container {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n .accordion-container {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n }\n .accordion-button, .accordion-link {\n font-size: 14px;\n padding: 10px;\n }\n .accordion-content {\n padding: 8px 10px;\n }\n }\n\n \/* Styles for pager *\/\n .facetwp-pager {\n text-align: center;\n margin: 20px 0;\n display: none; 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}\n 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }\n }\n\n \/* Styles for total resources count *\/\n .total-resources {\n text-align: center;\n margin: 20px 0;\n font-size: 16px;\n color: #005581;\n display: none; \/* Initially hidden *\/\n }\n\n .no-filters-message {\n text-align: center;\n margin: 10px 0;\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #005581;\n }\n <\/style>\n\n \n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/font-awesome\/5.15.4\/css\/all.min.css\">\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n <div class=\"accordion-container\">\n <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n <button class=\"accordion-button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n <span>Case Category<\/span>\n <span class=\"arrow\">▼<\/span>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"accordion-content\" id=\"case_category\">\n <div class=\"facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-case_category facetwp-type-radio\" data-name=\"case_category\" data-type=\"radio\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <div class=\"accordion-item\">\n <button class=\"accordion-button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n <span>Year<\/span>\n <span class=\"arrow\">▼<\/span>\n <\/button>\n <div class=\"accordion-content\" id=\"year\">\n <div class=\"facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-year facetwp-type-radio\" data-name=\"year\" data-type=\"radio\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"reset-button\" onclick=\"resetFilters()\">Show all cases<\/button>\n\n <div class=\"loading-spinner\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"total-resources\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"resource-cards-container\">\n <div class=\"facetwp-template\" data-name=\"court_cases\"> <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">Fry v. Napolean Community Schools<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Issue: Does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act’s requirement that plaintiffs exhaust administrative remedies before suing under the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act apply to plaintiffs seeking damages, which are not available under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act?<\/div>\n<p>The Court clarifies the definition of “disabled” under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and allows students to bring lawsuits directly under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) without requesting an administrative hearing under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) when their claim is not related to the adequacy of their education<\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2017<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Service Animals, Title II and IDEA<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">BRAGDON v. ABBOTT (97-156) 107 F.3d 934<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"question\">Questions before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether asymptomatic <acronym>HIV<\/acronym> is a disability under the <acronym>ADA<\/acronym>.<\/li>\n<li>When deciding whether a private health care provider must perform invasive procedures on an infectious patient in his office, should courts defer to the provider’s professional judgment, as long as it is reasonable in light of then current medical knowledge?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 1998<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Definition of Disability<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">SPECTOR v. NORWEGIAN CRUISE LINE LTD.<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act applies to foreign flag cruise ships while sailing in <acronym>U.S.<\/acronym> waters or while at <acronym>U.S.<\/acronym> ports.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans%20with%20disabilities%20act&url=\/supct\/html\/03-1388.ZO.html\">http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans with disabilities act&url=\/supct\/html\/03-1388.ZO.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2005<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Title III and Foreign Ships<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">TENNESSEE v. LANE<\/h3>\n\n <p><div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"contentData\">\n<ol>\n<li>Whether Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a proper exercise of Congress’ power under Section 5 of the 14<sup>th<\/sup> Amendment and thus validly abrogates state sovereign immunity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans%20with%20disabilities%20act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-1667.ZO.html\">http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans with disabilities act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-1667.ZO.html<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2004<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Title II and Courthouse Access<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">RAYTHEON CO. v. HERNANDEZ<\/h3>\n\n <p><ol>\n<li>Whether the Americans with Disabilities Act confers preferential rehire rights on employees lawfully terminated for misconduct, such as illegal drug use.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans%20with%20disabilities%20act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-749.ZO.html\">http:\/\/straylight.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/search\/display.html?terms=americans with disabilities act&url=\/supct\/html\/02-749.ZO.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2003<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Employer Rehire Policy<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">CLACKAMAS GASTROENTEROLOGY ASSOCIATES, P.C. v. WELLS (01-1435) 271 F.3d 903<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether the four physician-shareholders who own the professional corporation and constitute its board of directors are counted as employees for purposes of determining whether or not the corporation was covered under the Employment Provisions of the <acronym>ADA<\/acronym> by having 15 or more employees.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2003<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Definition of Employee<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">US AIRWAYS, INC. v. BARNETT (00-1250) 228 F.3d 1105<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Questions before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>How the <acronym>ADA<\/acronym> resolves a potential conflict between the interests of a disabled worker who seeks assignment to a particular position as a “reasonable accommodation” and the interests of other workers with superior rights to bid for the job under an employer’s seniority system.<\/li>\n<li>Does the accommodation demand trump the seniority system?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Reasonable Accommodation<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">BARNES v. GORMAN (01-682) 257 F.3d 738<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether punitive damages may be awarded in a private cause of action brought under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (<acronym>ADA<\/acronym>) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Punitive and Compensatory Damages<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">CHEVRON U.S.A. INC. v. ECHAZABAL (00-1406) 226 F.3d 1063<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Whether the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 permits a regulation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which authorizes refusal to hire an individual because his performance on the job would endanger his own health, owing to a disability (direct threat to self).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Direct Threat<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"case-card\">\n <h3 class=\"entry-title\">TOYOTA MOTOR MFG., KY, INC. v. WILLIAMS (00-1089) 224 F.3d 840<\/h3>\n\n <p><div class=\"\">Question before the Court:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>What is the proper standard for determining whether an individual is substantially limited in performing manual tasks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Year:<\/strong> 2002<\/p>\n \n <p><strong>Case Category:<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>Definition of Disability<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\n \/\/ Initial setup\n initializeEventListeners();\n });\n\n function initializeEventListeners() {\n \/\/ Hide the resource cards initially\n document.querySelector('.resource-cards-container').style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'none';\n \n document.querySelectorAll('.accordion-button').forEach(button => {\n button.addEventListener('click', () => {\n const activeButton = document.querySelector('.accordion-button.active');\n if (activeButton && activeButton !== button) {\n activeButton.classList.remove('active');\n activeButton.nextElementSibling.style.display = 'none';\n }\n \n button.classList.toggle('active');\n const accordionContent = button.nextElementSibling;\n if (accordionContent && accordionContent.style.display === 'block') {\n accordionContent.style.display = 'none';\n } else if (accordionContent) {\n accordionContent.style.display = 'block';\n }\n });\n });\n \n \/\/ Add loading spinner for filter actions\n document.addEventListener('facetwp-loaded', function() {\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelector('.resource-cards-container').style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-pager').forEach(el => el.style.display = 'block');\n document.querySelector('.total-resources').style.display = 'block';\n \n \/\/ Update total resources count\n const totalResources = FWP.settings.pager.total_rows;\n document.querySelector('.total-resources').innerText = `Total cases shown: ${totalResources}`;\n \n \/\/ Reinitialize event listeners after dynamic content is loaded\n reinitializeDynamicListeners();\n });\n \n document.addEventListener('facetwp-refresh', function() {\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'block';\n document.querySelector('.resource-cards-container').style.display = 'none';\n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-pager').forEach(el => el.style.display = 'none');\n document.querySelector('.total-resources').style.display = 'none';\n });\n }\n \n function reinitializeDynamicListeners() {\n \/\/ Add event listeners to dynamically added filter and pagination elements\n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-facet').forEach(facet => {\n facet.addEventListener('change', () => {\n \/\/ Logic to handle filter change\n FWP.refresh();\n });\n });\n \n document.querySelectorAll('.facetwp-pager a').forEach(pager => {\n pager.addEventListener('click', (e) => {\n e.preventDefault();\n \/\/ Logic to handle pagination\n const page = pager.getAttribute('data-page');\n FWP.paged = parseInt(page);\n FWP.refresh();\n });\n });\n }\n \n function resetFilters() {\n document.querySelector('.loading-spinner').style.display = 'block';\n FWP.reset();\n }\n <\/script>\n \n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-neve-link-hover-color-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-neve-link-hover-color-background-color has-background is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"makeiteasy-back-to-top\" data-smooth-scroll=\"false\" data-enable-on-desktop=\"true\" data-break-point-mobile-desktop=\"768\" data-go-to-bottom=\"false\" style=\"--makeiteasy-back-to-top-opacity:0.7;--makeiteasy-back-to-top-visibility-transition-duration:0.3s;--makeiteasy-back-to-top-right:30px;--makeiteasy-back-to-top-bottom:30px\" class=\"wp-block-makeiteasy-back-to-top\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" style=\"border-radius:9px;padding-top:12px;padding-right:12px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iMjQiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgdmlld0JveD0iMCA5NiA0ODAgMjgzIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjxwYXRoIGQ9Im00MyAzNzktNDMtNDMgMjQwLTI0MCAyNDAgMjQwLTQzIDQzLTE5Ny0xOTd6IiBmaWxsPSIjZmZmIi8+PC9zdmc+Cg==\" alt=\"Back to top arrow\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><style type=\"text\/css\">\n#foogallery-gallery-286.fg-masonry .fg-item { width: 300px; 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